Disaccharide Definition

Definition: A disaccharide is a carbohydrate that is formed when two monosaccharides are joined together and a molecule of water is removed from the structure. Examples: Lactose is a disaccharide formed from the combination of galactose and glucose.Sucrose is a disaccharide formed from the combination of glucose and fructose.

Fighting for Friendship in the Epic Gilgamesh Essay

The epic of Gilgamesh opens with the people of Uruk unhappy about Gilgameshs behavior. He sends all boys off to war and no virgin is left to her groom because Gilgamesh must have them first. The people appeal to the gods and Aruru, goddess of creation, fashions Enkidu. Her intentions are to create someone who can resist Gilgamesh, although Enkidu first acts as a wild beast grazing in the fields and protecting the other animals. A harlot is called for to civilize Enkidu and after sleeping with her he realizes he is forever changed and now must go to fulfill his destiny. He travels to Uruk to challenge Gilgamesh. Although Gilgamesh wins, he is forever changed and gains a true friend. What is the meaning of the friendship between Gilgamesh†¦show more content†¦As an animal he did what he wanted when he wanted to, yet as a civil human being he now gains the knowledge of right and wrong and meaning. He must now live with a conscience and must realize his purpose. As a reader, we understand the consequences of Enkidus action yet like him, many times; we act without thought of the outcome. The harlot describes Gilgamesh as a, ...very strong, and like a wild bull he lords it over men, despite him being civilized he rules like a wild animal. Enkidu must travel to Uruk to civilize Gilgamesh. As he enters the city Gilgameshs people rejoice, seeing Enkidu is a match for even their King. Enkidu and Gilgamesh fight and despite Gilgamesh winning he is forever changed. He has found, in Enkidu, the one thing he has never had in a person an equal. As the harlot civilized Enkidu, he civilized Gilgamesh by his friendship, causing him to change his ways forever. Gilgamesh realizes through Enkidu that he has not made a lasting name for himself and they set out together to do this. First, they slay Humbaba, Keeper of the Cedars, based on Enkidus urging. Then Gilgamesh refuses Ishtar and because of her rage she sends down the Bull of Heaven which they also slay. The gods become enraged and decides one of the two must die. Enkidu is the one decided upon and becomes extremely ill. Gilgamesh never leaves his side throughout his illness. Despite him knowing Enkidu will die he cannot leave his friend alone and stays with him till theShow MoreRelatedComparsion f Epic of Gilgaines and Step Brothers1314 Words   |  5 Pagesancient Babylonian myth, Epic of Gilgamesh, depicts the harsh journey of a king and his quest for immortality, it also shares similarity to a modern movie, Step Brothers, by unraveling the story of two strangers who set aside their differences to become bonded as friends and brothers. The Epic of Gilgamesh is similar to the movie Step Brothers because they are both introduced with two main characters that share dislike for one another. For example, during the Epic of Gilgamesh, the city people of UrukRead MoreAnalysis Of The Epic Of Gilgamesh 1449 Words   |  6 Pagesbeginning in The Epic of Gilgamesh, Gilgamesh is a bully king who frightens and annoys the people of Uruk. After the gathering with Enkidu and becoming his friend does Gilgamesh transform, into a hero worthy of history. The brotherly or â€Å"bromantic† ( considering the questionable relationship they have) love the two have for each other helps Gilgamesh become an better leader to his people by permitting him to better understand and identify with them. Even though the myth of Gilgamesh is very ancientRead MoreThe Epic Of Gilgamesh And The Lesson962 Words   |  4 Pageslikely share have their similarities, maybe even be the same story, unintentionally, of course. Stories like The Epic of Gilgamesh and Toni Cade Bambara’s â€Å"The Lesson†. The Epic of Gilgamesh and â€Å"The Lesson† are mainly about the main character having to deal with a higher authority are either fought or just pointed out when the character hasn’t realized it. Both stories . The Epic of Gilgamesh is a tale from ancient Mesopotamia, with no known author (however there is an editor who was a Sin-leqi-unninniRead MoreEssay on Gilgameshs Heroism1557 Words   |  7 Pagesmen, the kings knights, god like creatures, brave warriors. As criteria for any epic story a hero must be involved in the story. Furthermore, these heroes had to meet also specific criteria. The definition of an ancient time hero is very different than a hero today. Above all, he should be a skilled warrior, who had to respect authority, both governmental and religious. Around the time that the epic called Gilgamesh was written heroes were considered to be the men who helped or did virtuous deedsRead M oreGilgamesh Reflection Essay726 Words   |  3 PagesThe Epic of Gilgamesh is a story that describes the life of a king named Gilgamesh. Gilgamesh is considered perfect in his beauty, body, strength, and courage. While he might have all these great qualities on the outside, he has terrible qualities on the inside. He is selfish, arrogant, and would rape women whenever he pleased. In addition, he is two/thirds god, which is all the more reason one would think he would be a good, righteous, and helpful leader to his people. Instead, he takes hisRead MoreExamples Of Character Development In The Epic Of Gilgamesh1541 Words   |  7 PagesMesopotamia epic poem â€Å" The Epic of Gilgamesh†. There is no known author for this work, however, it is often known as the earliest surviving great works of literature. It’s not called â€Å"The Epic of Gilgamesh† for nothing, Gilgamesh is shown in almost every part of the Poem. Him being the protagonist, really shows us , the audience, how much his character grew. In â€Å"The Epic of Gilgamesh† there are three significant events that show the growth that Gilgamesh goes under throughout the epic poem. To beginRead MoreThe Epic Of Gilgamesh And The Iliad1183 Words   |  5 PagesIn the epics The Epic of Gilgamesh and the Iliad, heroes Achilles and Gilgamesh have important relationships with characters that directly and indirectly give readers a look at the character we might not normally see. For the mighty demi-god Achilles, this is the warrior Patroclus, whom he has a great respect for. For the tyrannical King Gilgamesh, this was Enkidu, the hairy man sent by the gods. The relationships that these characters have with their companions open these characters up for readersRead MoreThe Transformation of Gilgamesh in the Epic of Gilgamesh1385 Words   |  6 PagesThe Transformation of Gilgamesh in the Epic of Gilgamesh In â€Å"The Epic of Gilgamesh† by we see significant transitions in the heros character as the story is developed. In this narrative poem, we get a glimpse of who he is and what his purposes and goals are. We see Gilgamesh act in many different ways. As an overbearing ruler resented by his people, a courageous and strong fighter, a deflated, depressed man, and finally as a man who seems content with what hes accomplished. Through all ofRead More The Friendship of Gilgamesh and Enkidu Essay778 Words   |  4 PagesThe Epic of Gilgamesh is a historic story of the king of Uruk, Gilgamesh. The story depicts the short lived friendship of Gilgamesh and Enkidu. The story begins as Shamat the harlot seduces Enkidu and convinces him to go to the city of Uruk and meet Gilgamesh. From that moment on, the two were very close. They planned a trip to the forest of cedars to defeat the monster known as Humbaba so that Gilgamesh could show his power to the citizens of Uruk. However, Enkid u tried â€Å"vainly to dissuade† (18)Read MoreEpic of Gilgamesh Essay915 Words   |  4 PagesThe Epic of Gilgamesh is one of earliest known pieces of literature. Through years of storytelling and translation, The Epic of Gilgamesh became a timeless classic. This story is believed to have originated from Sumerian poems and legends about the king of Uruk, Gilgamesh. Throughout the epic, many themes arose about women, love, and journeys and the one I would like to discuss is the theme of death. Also, I will discuss if Gilgamesh accepts morality at the end of the story and the development of

Public Relations and Culture-Free-Samples- Myassignmenthelp.com

Question: Discuss about the Culture and Pulblic Relations. Answer: Culture and public relations share a close relation with each other, where one could be termed as a complementary of the other. Culture refers to the customs and the social practices that bind the people of the society together. The culture of each country is formed with the combination of various localized culture. However, the overall culture in a country remains the same. This assignment highlights the culture of Singapore. The culture of Singapore is mainly influenced by the combination of the European and the Asian cultures. This country is often referred to as the meeting place of the Eastern and the Western culture. Public relations also have an essential role to play in relation to culture. The culture of a country highlights the ways public relations are maintained. The culture of some country ensures that the public relations are maintained cordially, while in some other culture, the public relations are met formally. Culture and Public relations cannot be seen as two separate entities. A multicultural society paves the way for a better public relations in the society (Kurin, 2015). Various components of the multicultural practices that have considerable impact on the public relations are: Interdependence: With a rich culture, the people of the country develop interdependency of each other, irrespective of the variations in culture (Bhasin, Venkataramany Ng, 2015). Thus, a rich cultural diversity is observed and public relations among the people of the country are enriched. Cultural sensitivity: With a positive and healthy public relations, the cultural sensitivity among the people of the country is developed (Eller, 2014). The people became sensitive towards the culture of each other and they respect the culture of each other as well. This, in turn enriches the culture and the society of a country. Diversity and its values: The people and the society learn to value and acknowledge diversity. The enhancement of public relations is witnessed as the perception of the people towards multicultural society becomes positive (Kurin, 2015). Resolution of conflicts: Multicultural diversity gives rise to conflicts. Resolution of conflicts is seen if multicultural diversity is accepted and public relations are enhanced. Symmetrical communication: Cultural stability opens the ways for long-term relationships and mutual understanding, thus, enhancing public relations (Eller, 2014). The study of human beings is referred to as anthropology. The study of human beings is an essential component of culture. The lives of human beings along with the culture and the lifestyle they follow are an integral part of culture (Keesing, 2013). The behaviour of human beings and their interpersonal relations are considered as an essential component of culture and public relations. Cultural anthropology also encompasses the ideas and values along with the other domains of the cognitive society (Eller, 2014). Thus, the relation between culture and anthropology is intense along with enhancement of the public relations. An in-depth understanding of the knowledge of the people belonging to various culture, along with identifying the differences in culture enhances public relations. This is also followed by enhancement of culture and enhanced multicultural diversity (Bhasin, Venkataramany Ng, 2015). Anthropology studies the human beings and all the attributes related to human beings, thus encompassing culture and public relations (Warner, 2014). For example, the culture of Singapore is a rich one, with a history. The people and the society have a multicultural diversity yet lives in harmony in the diverse culture. Thus, the richness of the culture and heritage enhances the public relations in Singapore. Ethnography is defined as the activity of discovering the intricate features of culture. It is the activity of discovering the culture and describing the values and customers, habits and foods of the people of that particular culture. Ethnographic fieldwork could be also termed as the hallmark of the cultural anthropology (Keesing, 2013). This includes the participation in the various cultural activities, tasting the traditional food as well as experiencing the various customs of the culture of Singapore (Kong, 2015). Ethnography is strictly a practical activity with limited theoretical work. Rather than studying the culture and the people, ethnography highlights learning from the people and their culture (Bhasin, Venkataramany Ng, 2015). Learning from the people and their culture enhances the public relations. For example, the culture of Singapore is warm and they welcome the people of other culture heartily (Miller et al., 2014). However, no such traits are seen in the western wor ld. Thus, the people from various other parts of the world could carry out ethnographic activities thus paving way for multicultural society as well as enhanced public relations (Hayakawa Venieris, 2016). The climate, flora and fauna also cast a significant impact on the culture of the people. Thus, ethnography, culture and the public relations are inseparable and intrinsically attached to each other (Bhasin, Venkataramany Ng, 2015). Thus, culture, public relations and ethnography cannot be separated from each other. Cultural interdependency is defined as the collaboration of various culture and people belonging to different culture in order to fulfil a bigger goal (Warner, 2014). Cultural interdependence is only possible if multicultural diversity is accepted and practiced widely. In case of Singapore, the people and their culture are flexible (Fiske Taylor, 2013). They gladly accept the people of various other culture and ensures that cultural interdependency is carried out successfully. Moreover, even the culture of Singapore is composed of various small-localised cultures (Eller, 2014). Thus, cultural dependency has a major role to play in achieving harmony in the society. Acceptance of the culture of each other along with the acceptance of the different customs and practices, along with respecting them enough is important (Keesing, 2013). Cultural interdependency creates and promotes a healthy public relation (Bhasin, Venkataramany Ng, 2015). Cultural interdependency highlights how the peo ple belonging to the various cultures interact with each other and how much they are ready to accept and respect the differences (Fiske Taylor, 2013). Lack of effective interaction and respect towards each other will result in ineffective cultural interdependency. This is not desirable in any society and lack of interdependency affects the culture of a society adversely (Hayakawa Venieris, 2016). Moreover, public relations are also degraded if the cultural interdependency is not effective. For example, Singapore is culturally dependent on the Eastern and Western counties as the culture is strongly influenced by the Eastern as well as the Western world (Kong, 2015). However, the western countries do not have any cultural interdependencies with the eastern countries. Another example is that the food habits of the people of Singapore are found to have Eastern and Western traits, whereas the costumes they wear are also culturally interdependent (Kim, 2017). Thus, with the cultural int erdependency, the public relations are enhanced as the people learn to accept the culture and customs of each other, respecting the differences. Culture and sub-culture has a strong effect on culture as well as the occupation of the people living in a society. The occupational culture is developed through social interactions among the people of various cultures and mutual support among each other (Fiske Taylor, 2013). Moreover, common training of the people, similar goals set and the similarities of the personal characteristics in a particular occupational group are essential for occupational culture (Beugelsdijk, Kostova, Roth, 2017). The occupational culture could be achieved successfully, if the society is prepared for the cultural diversity and dependency on each other. Moreover, the public relations are enhanced in the occupational culture, if they are based on the platform of a multicultural society (Kim, 2017). Lack of effective occupational culture will affect the culture at the workplace, where people belonging to different culture will not work in harmony (Shaw, 2017). Before occupational culture is achieved, it i s essential to achieve multicultural diversity and harmony in the society (Wagner, 2016). In order to understand and achieve occupational culture, it is essential to identify and understand the various dimensions (Keesing, 2013). According to Hofstede, the six dimensions of organizational culture are: power distance index, normative versus pragmatic, individualism verses collectivism, Masculinity verses Femineity, Uncertainty avoidance index, Indulgence verses Restraint (Beugelsdijk, Kostova, Roth, 2017). Power distance index: This is defined as the degree of inequality that is seen among the people without power as well as people with power in any organization (Rallapalli Montgomery, 2015). A high score in the PDI highlights the fact that the society and the organization accept inequality in the hierarchy (Soh, 2016). However, for example, in the society and culture of Singapore, the PDI score is relatively low, highlighting the fact that multicultural harmony and equality in the organizations are accepted. Individualism verses collectivism: This quality in occupational culture refers to the strength of the employees within the community of their own (Shaw, 2017). A high score refers to the fact that there is hardly any interpersonal connection among the people belonging to the multicultural society (Warner, 2014). However, in a collectivist society, people work in teams with strong interpersonal communication and interactions, thus supporting the needs of each other (Bhasin, Venkataramany Ng, 2015). Masculinity verses Femineity: This is referred to as the distribution in the roles of the men and the women (Rallapalli Montgomery, 2015). In a society that is masculine, the roles of the men and the women are discriminated and demonstrations of being strong are highlighted as positive traits (Kim, 2017). However, in a feminine society, the virtues such as modesty and humbleness are highlighted as great virtues. In the occupational culture of Singapore, for example, the MAS score is low, highlighting the fact that they are more focused on the quality lifestyle and culture and not on success and money (Kong, 2015). Uncertainty avoidance index: This refers to the situation in which the people are able to understand and avoid the uncertain situations (Bhasin, Venkataramany Ng, 2015). In the culture of Singapore, for example, the UAI index is quiet high. Thus, they are conservative and rigid, and the portray lack of openness to changes as well s innovations (Fiske Taylor, 2013). Pragmatic versus Normative: The countries having a high score of PRA tends to be modest and pragmatic. Moreover, they are also long-term oriented. The countries that score low are much more religious and nationalistic (Hayakawa Venieris, 2016). US have a normative score, as the people are short-term goals oriented and believe in quick results. However, the society of Singapore is Pragmatic as they believe in long-term goals. Indulgence versus restraint: Countries that have higher IVR score are free spirited and are driven by their own emotions (Keesing, 2013). However, in Singapore, for example, the IVR scores are quite low, thus highlighting the facts that they emphasise on suppressing their emotions are abiding to the rules set by the society. Thus, occupational culture has a key role to play in the enhancement of public relations. The post modernism is a movement that is a reaction to the social culture between the 16th and 20th century. In the postmodernism, three areas of capitalism are highlighted (Lash, 2014). These are the market capitalism, monopoly capitalism and the consumer capitalism. These three characteristics are prominent and cast a strong impact on the society and its culture (Nicholson, 2013). In the culture of Singapore, post-modernism traits are not followed. Culture shares a strong relation with public relations. The culture and social practices along with the customs that are followed in the society paves the way for multicultural society. With the acceptance in the diversity among the various cultures in the society, the public relations are enhanced. The people belonging to various cultures learn to accept the people of other cultures, thus enhancing public relations. Moreover, the various key concepts of culture such as anthropology, ethnography, cultural interdependency, occupational culture and postmodernism. These have a strong impact on the culture of Singapore and enhance the public relations among the multicultural people. However, if the society and culture of Singapore does not call for harmony in the multicultural backdrop, then public relations are witnessed to be degraded. The culture of Singapore is strongly influenced by the Eastern and the Western culture. Hence, a perfect blend among the two is essential. References Beugelsdijk, S., Kostova, T., Roth, K. (2017). An overview of Hofstede-inspired country-level culture research in international business since 2006.Journal of International Business Studies,48(1), 30-47. Bhasin, B., Venkataramany, S., Ng, L. K. (2015). Modifying Culture to Advance Economic Growth: The Case of Singapore. InNationalism, Cultural Indoctrination, and Economic Prosperity in the Digital Age(pp. 52-65). IGI Global. Eller, J. D. (2014).Introducing anthropology of religion: culture to the ultimate. Routledge. Fiske, S. T., Taylor, S. E. (2013).Social cognition: From brains to culture. Sage. Hayakawa, H., Venieris, Y. (2016). Consumer interdependence via reference groups. InBehavioral Interactions, Markets, and Economic Dynamics(pp. 81-99). Springer Japan. Keesing Felix, M. (2013).Cultural anthropology the science of custom. Rinehart And Company Inc; New York. Kim, S. (2017). National culture and public service motivation: investigating the relationship using Hofstedes five cultural dimensions.International Review of Administrative Sciences,83(1_suppl), 23-40. Kong, L. (2015).Food, foodways and foodscapes: Culture, community and consumption in post-colonial Singapore. World Scientific. Kurin, R. (2015). Producing Anthropology: Culture of, by, and for the People.General Anthropology,22(1), 1-5. Lash, S. (2014).Sociology of postmodernism. Routledge. Miller, J., Wroblewski, M., Villafuerte, J., Madrid, A. L., Toronto, S. S. (2014). Creating a Kaizen Culture.McGrow Hill, New York. Nicholson, L. (2013).Feminism/postmodernism. Routledge. Rallapalli, K. C., Montgomery, C. D. (2015). Marketing Strategies For Asian-Americans: Guidelines Based on Hofstede's Cultural Dimensions. InMinority Marketing: Research Perspectives for the 1990s(pp. 73-77). Springer International Publishing. Shaw, K. (2017). Introduction. InCosmopolitanism in Twenty-First Century Fiction(pp. 1-26). Springer International Publishing. Soh, K. (2016). Teaching Chinese Culture in Singapore Schools. InTeaching Chinese Language in Singapore(pp. 179-188). Springer Singapore. Wagner, R. (2016).The invention of culture. University of Chicago Press. Warner, M. (2014).Culture and management in Asia. Routledge

Odyssey Essay free essay sample

In Homer’s Odyssey women and goddesses are consistently playing major roles. Whether it be cherishing and taking care of the men, or being the cause disaster. Beauty, wisdom and treachery are features of females and feminine practises that are clearly portrayed in Homer’s Odyssey. The significance of women in the Odyssey is made clear even from the first page. Calypso is holding Odysseus captive on an island. She is a witch but is still described as a radiant creature (p 3). Although he is on this island alone with this beautiful goddess all he longs for is to get home to his wife. Calypso is described as a radiant and beautiful creature with a lovely voice. Yet she is called a witch and is the one not allowing Odysseus to carry out his wishes. In the house of Alcinoos Odysseus calls Calypso a scheming witch with lovely hair and then goes on to say she is a terrible being. We will write a custom essay sample on Odyssey Essay or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Odysseus again says, â€Å"†¦beautiful Calypso†¦ and a terrible creature she is! She rescued me and treated me kindly loved me and fed me† (p 89). He makes sure to note the beauty of Calypso and of some of her actions but also says some distasteful things about her. She seems to represent temptation and how potentially disastrous elements and situations can seem so inviting and posses such beauty. Although many of the immortals never fail to tempt Odysseus, there is one goddess with her glinting eyes who never fails to watch over him. Athena’s care for Odysseus is first shown when the gods are gathered in the palace of Zeus. She questions her father saying, †¦ What about that clever Odysseus? I am anxious about him, poor fellow, kept from his friends all this while, in trouble and sorrow, in that island covered with trees, and nothing but waves all around it, in the very middle of the sea! It is the home of one of ourselves, the daughter of Atlas†¦She is always coaxing him with soft deceitful words to forget Ithaca; but Odysseus would be happy to see as much as the smoke leaping up from his naive land, and then to die. And you cannot spare him thought, Olympian. Don’t you owe him something for all those sacrifices which he used to offer in their camp on the plain of Troy? Why have you such an odd grudge against him, Zeus? (p 4). While one goddess is keeping Odysseus form what he really desires, another is fighting for his cause. Athena becomes a sort of guardian angel for Odysseus and his family. While at the conference with the other gods she uses her cunning and charm to find out where the gods stand with the Odysseus situation and prompts them into action. Zeus ends his reply with, Come now, let us all try to think how we can persuade Poseidon to abate his anger and let him go home to his native land. Surely he will not be able to stand out against all the immortals, and keep up a quarrel all by himself! (p 5). Zeus is thinking of pressuring Poseidon into letting go of the resentment he feels towards Odysseus. However as soon as he ends his reply Athena is already pushing for the immortals to make a decision before Poseidon can make his case. This is Athena speaking out against the wishes of another god in the presence of Cronion himself, for the cause of a mere mortal, however great that mortal may be. Feminine strength and wisdom is not only present in the goddess Athena, but is shown by Penelopeia. On page eight Penelopeia is described as a wise and faithful wife, and a beautiful creature. In his time stranded on the island Odysseus has slept with Calypso a number of times and will again before he bids her farewell. Odysseus caves into the temptation of a beautiful woman. Penelopeia, however, does all she can to stay faithful to her man; using a bit of trickery to keep from taking one of the suitors in marriage for as long as possible. She not only overcomes any temptation, she rejects it so utterly and completely. This shows the fidelity and strength of women as seen by Homer compared to men. When Odysseus is receiving a beating at the hands of Poseidon as he approaches the Phaiacian Country on a raft, Ino sees him. She is the White Sea Goddess and she feels pity for him. She offers him some advice and gives him a veil. She tells him that so long as he has the veil he cannot be harmed (p 69). This is similar to how Calypso says she saved Odysseus as he was floating in the sea, straddling a ship’s keel (p 65). Like Calypso saving Odysseus, Ino pitying him and giving him the veil is another example of the importance of goddesses in the Odyssey. Again a goddess saves Odysseus. Throughout the book Athena is constantly planning the next phase of Odysseus’ journey. When Athena visits Nausicaa in the house of Alcinoos, she is again working in the favour of Odysseus. This time she is plotting the discovery of Odysseus. She prompts Nausicaa to go out and wash all the linen lying around. After resting in a thicket Odysseus awakes to the sound of Nausicaa and her maids playing at ball. The first thing Odysseus says to Nausicaa is, â€Å"I kneel to thee, Queen† (p 78). This shows great respect on the part of Odysseus, and what he represents, which is the exemplary male. Nausicaa shows her intelligence and wisdom when she instructs Odysseus on how to enter the city. She says to him: Well, I want to avoid any unkind gossip among the people, or some one might blame afterwards. They are very high and mighty in our town; some evil-minded person might say, ‘Who is this fine big stranger with Nausicaa? Where did she pick him up? Will be a husband for her, no doubt†¦Perhaps she had tired out some god with her prayers, and down he comes from heaven to have her forever more! ’ That’s what they will say, and it might bring me into disgrace† (p 81). So she tells Odysseus to wait in her father’s orchard outside the city until he thinks that she has reached her father’s house. Then he should enter the city and ask for the mansion of Prince Alcinoos, (pp 81-82). It is also clear that Athena is at work because after saying, â€Å"†¦ask the way to the mansion of Prince Alcinoos†, she then goes on to say, â€Å"It is easy to know it, a little child could lead you† (p 82). As Odysseus is making his way into the city Athena covers him in a thick mist. Then she meets him in the form of a little girl and she is from whom Odysseus asks the directions to the mansion of Alcinoos. This is a particularly amusing act by Athena. Unfortunately, not all the women in the Odyssey are faithful and loving towards their husbands returning from battle. The treachery of women in the Odyssey is best shown by the tales of Ares and Aphrodite. Also by the cheerless fable of Agamemnon: He told how first they lay secretly in the house of Hephaistos himself. Ares brought her many gifts and dishonoured the bed of Lord Hephaistos; but before long Helios the sun came and told him that he had seen them lying in a†¦ loving embrace. Hephaistos heard the cruel tale†¦ Ares kept no blind man’s watch. He saw the master-craftsman going away; he made haste to the house of the famous smith, eager for the love of garlanded Cythereia. She had just come in from Almighty Cronion her father, and there she was sitting in the house when he entered. He clasped her hand, and said: ‘Come my, my love, let us to bed and take our joy! Hephaistos is not in the place, but I think he is gone already to Lemnos†¦She was filled with joy at the thought, and they lay down on the bed (p 98). These are the words of a deeply disappointed Agamemnon as he describes his final hour to Odysseus: †¦ No enemy struck me down on dry land; but Aigisthos plotted my death with my accursed wife – invited me to his house, set me down to a banquet, butchered me as if I was an ox at the manger! †¦ Most frightful of all was the shriek of Cassandra†¦ I heard it when the traitress Clytaimnestra killed her over my body†¦ as I lay dying with a sword through my body: the bitch turned her back†¦(p 144). Clearly the women in the two stories never had a discussion with Penelopeia or Bright Eyes. They represent the absolute opposite of what Penelopeia stands for, which is faithfulness and wisdom. Homer’s Odyssey Illustrates some of the roles played by women. These roles are not only played out in the book. They can be interpreted as proceedings that took place in Homer’s time, and may even be happening today. Some of the most significant aspects of women are also noted. In the Odyssey Homer does not fail to state the beauty of women and goddesses. Whether the women or goddesses are an obstacle in the eyes of the great hero Odysseus, or they serve him well and protect him, their beauty is always so significant. The wisdom of women is also an element of great importance, like that of Athena. In the book Odysseus is saved time and time again by the intelligence and the wisdom of goddesses and women. However, the treachery of some women is also an element of great consequence treachery that is devastating and treachery that brings about death and humiliation. These are the aspects of the feminine mind, heart and body that are illuminated in the Odyssey.

Symbols in the Movie Citizen Kane essays

Symbols in the Movie Citizen Kane essays In the movie Citizen Kane, the word Rosebud symbolizes the original life that Kane had. Kane seemed to have two lives in the movie. The first life wasnt heavily shown, as was the second life. What I mean by first life is when Kane first lived with his mother in the country away from city life, quiet, peaceful, etc. When his real father came to take him to a better environment with money, opportunities, culture, etc., Kane didnt want to go. When he was forced to live with his father in a totally different environment, this signifies Kanes second life. The symbol of Rosebud throughout the movie is very important because Rosebud symbolizes the first life that Kane had and never wanted to leave. He didnt want to move with his father and become one of the rich socialites that his was father was. It seemed as though he wanted to live the life isolated from everyone else. That is probably why he moved away from the city and built a huge castle where he wouldnt be disturbed by anyone. While watching the movie it was very hard to see how Kane missed the life that he had in the country. To me it seemed as though Kane was depressed; and everything he would buy or try to do to fill the whole in his heart just never worked out. Although Kane was conquered by money (as so many people are), deep down inside it seemed as though he wished he could take his life back and never leave his mother and his small quiet home. ...

What to Do if You Get Sick in College

What to Do if You Get Sick in College Being sick in college is not the most pleasant of experiences. You likely have no one taking care of you, like you would  at home, while at the same time your responsibilities and obligations continue to pile up as youre stuck in bed. So just what are your options if you get sick in college? Let Your Professors Know If you are a student in a small class, have a big day in class (meaning you have a paper due or presentation to give), or have any other responsibilities where your absence will be both noted and problematic. A quick email letting your professor know youre sick while promising to follow-up with them about how to make up the assignment (including a gracious request for an extension), should only take a few minutes to write but will save you quite a bit of time later. Take Care of Yourself True, you have that midterm to take, a huge event your cultural club is planning, and the concert you and your roommate have had tickets for months. It may be frustrating, but you need to take care of yourself first and foremost. The last thing you need, after all, is to just get even sicker just  because you didnt take care of yourself. It may seem impossible at first, but there really are ways to get more sleep in college. Let yourself sleep! Healthy eating in college can be a challenge- but it also can be accomplished. Think of what your mother would want you to eat: fruits and veggies, things with nutrition, healthy liquids. Translation: no, a donut and a Diet Coke wont work for breakfast, especially when youre sick. Grab a banana, slice of toast, and orange juice instead. Sometimes, common over-the-counter medications like aspirin and DayQuil can make a bad cold or flu manageable. Dont be afraid to ask a friend or roommate to grab you something while theyre out and about! Get a Check-up at the Campus Health Center If youre sick for more than a day or two, have really bad symptoms, or otherwise just dont feel right, utilize what your campus has to offer. Make an appointment- or just walk in- to the campus health center. They can check you out while also offering advice and medication to get you back on your feet. Keep Checking in With Your Professors If youre missing a day of lecture in your chemistry class, you can usually grab notes from a friend or get them online. But if youre missing a few days, especially when theres intense material being covered or discussed, let your professor know whats going on. Tell your professor that youre really sick and  that you might need a little help catching up. Its much, much easier to be in touch early on than try to explain later why you havent been to class, havent been in touch, and havent turned in your assignments. Prioritize Your To-do List If youre sick for more than a day or two, you will likely fall behind on at least something- life in college moves very, very quickly. Take a few moments to write down a little list of what you have to do and then prioritize. Getting to the health center for a Strep Throat test? Priority! Updating Facebook with pictures from last weekends Halloween party? Not a priority. Take care of the most important things now so you can do the other things you want and need to do later. Major Illness or Extended Sick Time If your sick day or two turns into a major illness or youre sick for long enough that your academics suffer, you might need to take more drastic measures. Always Let Your Professors Know Whats Going On Even if you just shoot them a quick email letting them know that youve been really sick for a week and are trying to figure out whats going on, that email is much better than complete silence. Ask them what they need from you, if anything, to justify this much-missed class (a note from the health center? copies of your hospital paperwork?). Additionally, check your syllabi or ask your professors directly about what their policy is if youve missed something major, like a midterm or paper deadline. Check in With Your Campus Health Center If youre sick for more than a day or two, definitely go see the campus health center. On top of a check-up, they can verify with your professors that, indeed, you do have a nasty case of the flu and need to be out of class for another day or so. Keep the Faculty up to Date Check in with your academic adviser, an academic support office, the dean of students office, and/or the dean of faculty office. If youre missing a lot of class, are sick, and your academics are suffering, youll need some help from the campus administration. Dont worry, though: this doesnt mean youve done anything wrong. It just means youve been sick! And everyone from your adviser to the dean of faculty has dealt with sick students before. Life happens in college; people get sick. Just be smart about it and let the appropriate people know so that, as you begin to recover, you can have the support you need academically instead of having to stress  about your situation.

E-marketing plan Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2250 words

E-marketing plan - Essay Example The basics of marketing remain the same as normal marketing; that is - creating a strategy to deliver the right messages to the right people. What has changed is the number of options you have, in this case the options are numerous for sure. Though businesses will continue to make use of traditional marketing methods, such as advertising, direct mail and PR, e-marketing adds a whole new element to the marketing mix. Many businesses are producing great results with e-marketing and its flexible and cost-effective nature makes it particularly suitable for small businesses (Fiore, 2000). The theme behind most products is modification these days, whether it is cars or your personal computer. A touch of uniqueness and personalization is always loved by the owner, the product intended to be marketed here is 'customized laptop skins'. A laptop skin is an adhesive cover that can be attached to the top of a laptop computer. Skins are available in hundreds of colors, designs, and motif. Laptop skins allow customization of your computer, and can be uniquely personalized to fit your own design aesthetic. It is scratch resistant, splash resistant and static resistant. Most laptop skins are made out of a thin sheet of adhesive vinyl or plastic. By removing the backing from the skin, you can attach it to the cover of your laptop computer. Most laptop skins are removable and can be attached and reattached repeatedly. For thFor the true individual, we offer completely customized skins. By uploading a photo onto our website, you can create a personalized skin with your favorite image or photograph. This can make a wonderful gift for the busy laptop owner; providing them with a skin featuring a family portrait or vacation destination can help remind them of the people and things they love while they are hard at work. With this idea in mind an e-marketing plan is made to promote and sell the product. Target Market: The fact that most people are using laptops and net-books (sub-notebooks) these days, makes up a good market for the product. The target customers range from businessmen to the young generation. Since most people believe in being unique, the same concept applies to their computers too. Most people would love to sport a new look on their laptops; since the changeover is not only cheap, it's fully customized too. The age range can easily be from 16-60 years. This includes the average teenager and the busy businessman. For a better picture, the target market must be divided in age groups and professions. He focus would be on the younger generation, as it is more dynamic and the product suits it better too. E-marketing Plan: The e-marketing plan depends on the following: Identify target audience - if we identify multiple targets, then we have to rank them in order of importance so that we can allocate resources accordingly. The skins have to be designed keeping in mind the age ranges. A major portion o the product range must be dedicated to the younger audience. We need to profile each target group and understand their requirements and expectations so that we can pitch our

Short Story Assignment Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Short Story Assignment - Essay Example Bang! Just another intimate encounter between the local paid escort in tiger print and her stupefied benefactor. Looking out on the morning rain had a deeper sentiment to Martin Black as it was commonplace to witness syringes, yesterday’s snack cake from the rundown community convenience store and a mish mash of broken child toys streaming down the thoroughfare in a mad torrent of rainwater beside this Los Angeles tenement. Yes, Martin Black understood mourning rain, with the delight of an angry black widow and the stamina of a legless cheerleader. â€Å"Martin Black!† The shout echoed through the decrepit corridor leading into the ramshackle family room where his mother spent so many of her waking hours. His mother was a real hospitality chef, just a drizzle of her favorite afternoon soaps and a pinch of cheap cologne that stunk up the staunchly decaying household interior like a sweetened dose of rotten flesh. â€Å"Martin Black! Mama needs a foot rub. These damn cor ns be killin’ my tired feet. Get your rump out here and help Mama right now!† The sound of her liquor-induced garble was barely coherent while the echo of her ignorance pounded against the paint-deprived walls. Mama, as she demanded he call her since as long as he could remember, had dropped out of middle school at age 13 in order to pursue a romance with an older high school sophomore. After Jimbo (that’s what the neighborhood gangs had labeled her first husband) received a single gunshot wound to the chest, Mama not only lost the love of her life, but was forced to take employment at the local hair salon since the local school board considered her a high-risk distraction to the educational process. Of course, Mama lasted only two months before striking a red-headed regular boasting a stylish bouffant (and a disrespectful mouth, Mama had said) with a bottle of AquaNet, plucking out her left eyeball. What’s in a name?, Martin suddenly asked himself as he g rabbed the dull scissors and a bottle of peroxide from the dispirited bathroom shelf and hurried down the hallway to play master surgeon to a foul-smelling bump of foot fungus. Welfare, it seemed, was timid about providing sustenance for toe jam. â€Å"Coming, Mama.† The sound of it was self-demeaning. As Martin glided slowly underneath her lifted foot, ready to tackle the hideous project of removal, Mama rambled on about her son’s lethargy and lack of value to the household, demanding he pursue a job at the local convenience store. â€Å"It’s high time, Martin Black, that you start earnin’ some ya keep around here!† â€Å"Mama, you know the neighborhood links my name to Daddy’s. Nobody wants me working in their businesses. I’ve been thinkin’, Mama, about takin’ the Greyhound to Colorado and getting me a job on the pipeline.† Martin suddenly felt the piercing ache of a blunt wound to the palm of his hand as Mama v iolently swung her feet out of the creaking and hideous flowered recliner. Her abrupt and unusually adept motion caught him completely by surprise as he tumbled backwards viciously, tipping over her life’s blood in the process: the 18 inch black-and-white console set that regurgitated her worthless dramas all the day long. â€Å"You’re gonna gimme 40 bucks for that boob tube, you ungrateful, selfish little heathen!† Mama concerned herself not with Martin’s gaping flesh wound, instead lurching to the fallen console to rectify her welfare-induced playwrights that brought her such sustenance for her lifestyle of sloth.

All Stressed Out Essay Example for Free

All Stressed Out Essay This activity examines the way that psychologists conceptualize stress, emphasizing that stress is a biopsycho-social process. You will explore the sources of stress in your own life, review your body’s response to stress, and then learn how cognitive appraisal dramatically affects how much stress you actually experience. Checking the Level of Stress in Your Life †¢ What was your â€Å"Stress Test† score? _______30_____ †¢ Do you think that such a test accurately captures your experience? What other stressors should be included? I do not feel that it rates high enough on some aspects that are heavily weighing on a person’s chest. I think they should add an area for personal responsibilities and problems with children. Stress, Stressors, and Coping †¢ Psychologists differentiate stressors, strain, and stress. What does each of these terms mean? Stressors- an external event, situation, or other demand that triggers coping adjustments in a person. Strain- the outcome of stress such as loss of sleep, headaches, and lack of concentration. Stress- the process by which we perceive and respond to a certain event that we appraise as threatening or challenging. The General Adaptation Syndrome †¢ Describe Selye’s general adaptation syndrome. When something occurs that takes your body away from its original homeostasis state, into fear or rage, and then into exhaustion. The Biology of Stress †¢ Although both men and women experience the fight-or-flight syndrome, some scientists argue that women also can experience stress differently (tend-and-befriend). Briefly explain this hypothesis. This is because natural selection developed stress relieves differently as they grow of different ways and situations. †¢ Can you think of why this alleged gender difference in fight-or-flight and tend-and-befriend may â€Å"make sense† from an evolutionary perspective? Because natural selectionwas developed in ways that the fittest was more successful than the weaker people. †¢ Outline the body’s two-part endocrine response to stress. Hypothalamic, pituatary adrenocortical system is a delayed response that function to restore body to normal, and the Cortisol which affect glucose metabolism. Stress Harms Your Body’s Organ Systems †¢ List the effects of stress on: o the heart: Raise the heart pressure o the digestive tract: Reduction in enzyme digestions in blood flow. o the brain: It can damage the neurons involved in learning and in memory, hypocampus is smaller in stressed patients. Cognitive Appraisal The Filter Through Which Stressors Are Processed †¢ According to the transactional model, what triggers the process of stress? By considering it as a transaction in which each person makes continual adjustments to everyday circumstances. It is triggers when we exceed the ability to cope with all our problems in life.

The Physics of Semiconductor Devices Essay examples -- Electronics Ele

The Physics of Semiconductor Devices The purpose of this paper is to give a greater understanding of the semiconductor world, for Physics 100 students who have a little knowledge of electronics. I will cover conductors, insulators, semiconductors, and the operation of a diode and a transistor. The reason that it is important to understand these devices is the vast effect that they have had on our modern world. Our lives are filled by electronics, especially in this computerized age that we live in, and I have found that a knowledge of some electronics has greatly helped my understanding of the many electronic devices that we deal with on a daily basis. To understand the physics of a semiconductor device it is first necessary to take a step back into basic electronics and establish a basis for this discussion. The best starting point is electricity itself. Electricity is simply electrons moving together through a conductive path, conductive meaning that it does not slow it down in any way. There are many papers and books on how electricity works and it is not the purpose of this paper to explain this but rather how electricity moves through certain materials. Every college student in America should know that electricity moves through metal wires, this is because metal conducts electricity. The most common metal used for this purpose is copper. Copper is not the only conductive material in the world, gold, silver, steel, and iron are all examples of metals that conduct electricity. However gold and silver are very expensive and copper conducts electricity better than steel and iron. Metal itself is not the only material that conducts electricity but will conduct it the easiest. We will now discuss briefly how a copper... ...n. With the completion of our discussion of Ohms law this paper makes it possible to understand basic semiconductors and how they are used in small circuits. I will again stress how vast the electronics world is becoming and that this is just a small start into that world. Many books are contained on how these two components are used but if taken a small step at a time these are not difficult to understand. I hope that this can give someone a start into this world of knowledge on electricity. References: MacDonald, Lorne; Basic Solid State Electronic Circuit Analysis, fourth edition. The Technical Education Press; Chico California. 2000. MacDonald, Lorne; Practical Circuit Analysis of Amplifiers. The Technical Education Press; Chico California. 1994. Physics, a World View; Kirkpatrick and Wheeler, fourth edition, Harcourt College Publishers, 2001.

Determinants of Earnings

Determinants of Earnings Improving someone’s success in the labour market is a main objective of both family and policy makers, especially those with low earning in recent years. In the classic view of labour earning, we assume that the skills of individuals are the dominant factor to determine the earnings’ level. However, the recent year study manifests multiple factors have been weighed more than before.To illustrate this new situation, it believes that individuals’ successes in labour market are quite differentiated from one’s family background support, capacities to contribute to production or service, genetics, the education level, and the working experience in the labour market. Specifically, the low earning individuals’ situation can be well-persuasive proof for it. An individual might hold various earnings at the same time such as the interest of saving, stock, fund of dividend income and property of real estate of individual.The developed labour market economy directs that an individual’s earning is equal to the number of production factors sold by the individual times the price of various elements. Personal income is equal to market income and transfer payment. A majority of market income comes from wages and salaries. Few of market income come from property rights. The transfer payment of the government is mainly for those old men’s social security. In standard of earning equation for individuals of the same race and sex in Canada, between two thirds and four fifth of the variance of the natural logarithm of wages or of annual earning is unexplained by the above variables. † This statement is said by Bowles (2001). A few of the variance is contributed by the unstable factor of earnings and response error. For example, from the more detailed Employers’ Manpower and Skills Practices Survey of 1693 British employers reported in Green, Machin and Wilkenson (1998).Of the somewhat more than a t hird of the establishments reporting the â€Å"skill shortage†, personnel managers identified the recruitment problem as â€Å"lack of technical skills† in 43 percent of the cases. However, â€Å"poor attitude, motivation, or personality† in a remarkable 62 percent of the cases. Poor attitude was by far the most important reason for the recruitment difficulty given. The importance of motivation relative to technical skill was even greater among the full sample. Such a model, however, is readily provided, even within a fully competitive framework.If disequilibrium rents arising from technological or other shocks are persistent and if labor services are not subject to enforceable contracts, individual behavioral traits unrelated to productive capacities may bear a positive price. For example, aspects of an individual’s personality such as fatalism or impatience may reduce the likelihood of capturing disequilibrium rents and dampen the employee’s resp onse to common employer strategies aimed at eliciting high levels of labor effort.Furthermore, the behavioral traits that contributed to high income in some works might have the negative effects. For instance, an individual who prefer not to subordinate himself to others will be highly successful in some works, but abject failures in others. â€Å"Understanding why individual characteristics that are not skills may be rewarded in a competitive labor market may enhance the explanatory power and policy relevance of the human capital model by shedding some light on how schooling and other human investments raise individual earnings. † Bowles mentioned in 2001.

Othello Is a Play About the Desperate Need for Certainty

Othello is a play about the desperate need for certainty The theme of certainty pervades the play from the opening scence, and as it progresses, the quest for certainty becomes more desperate and frantic; not only within the minds and actions of the characters, but also within the audience as we become desperate to know and understand the outcome of Iago’s malicous plan. Shakespeare introduces the protaginist, Othello, to the audience through the malicious and predujiced tongues of Iago, Roderigo and Brabantio.Iago condemns Othello for favouritism and shows obscenley to Brabantio that Othello is an ‘old black ram’, the ‘devil’, a ‘barbary horse’ copulating with his daughter. Rodergio too describes him as a ‘lascivious moor’ and ‘an extravagent and wheeling stranger. ’ This causes Brabantio to feel certian that Othello, repulsive in his blackness, must have seduced Desdemona by withcraft, magic spells or drugs.The picture echoes aspects of medevil and Elizabethan traditions about the devilish, cruel and lustful nature of moors, and Brabantio would most certainly rather believe these acceptable truths as opposed to reality- his ‘pure’ and virginal daughter is partaking in a sordid affair. Othello’s own desperate plea for certainty is also evident from the offset. Although he refuses to hide from Branbantio and denounce his frabrications, he suggests that Desdemona should testify freely how their love came about.Some may argue that Othello holds a number of insecurities about himself and this is a prime example of him desperatly needing Desdemona to justify her reasoning for marrying him. After all, he displays an incredible vulnaribilty, ‘a free and open nature, that thinks men honest that but seem to be so. ’ Iago works on these traits and his pretended disapproval of the relations between Cassio and Desdemona rouses Othello’s curiosity, thence his ins istance that he be told, and finally his fear that Iago’s information, got in his duty as an honest man, will harm him.At first, Othello appears to be confident of Desdemona’s love for him as he declares she ‘had eyes and chose me’. Iago however finds weakness in Othello’s certainty and seizing his oppurtunity, advises Othello to watch Cassio and Desdemona discreetly. He adds that, of his own well-founded knowledge, Venetian wives decieve their husbands; that Desdemona pretended to fear Othello, when in fact she loved him, and that she decieved her father so completley that he believed she was bewitched. Unable to deny these, Othello draws the disturbing inference.Suspicion takes root, and is revealed by his hesitant ‘I do not think Desdemona’s honest’, and his command that Emilia be set to watch Desdemona. He is desperate to find truth, and underlying doubts about his marriage may have escelated by Iago’s revelation and O thello is eventually driven to find this certianty in his own shortcomings- his blackness, age and unpolished manners. Iago’s evil has infiltrated Othello’s soul and has induced him, as Iago had hoped, ‘to renounce his baptism, all seals and symbols of redemmed sin. The noble image that Desdemona saw in Othello’s mind has become corrupted, and and not before long is he humiliating her through false prophecy, and he fails to see the unreason of punishing Desdemona for a crime she has not commited. In the end, Othello is desperate to relieve himself of all guilt and is certain the the demi-devil has ‘ensnared’ his soul and body.Desdemona is another charcter who clings desperatly on to her certainty that Othello is a kind and loving husband. Out of her generosity and loving-kindness, she continually makes excuses for Othello’s harshness: ‘some unhatched practice†¦ ath puddles his clear spirit’- an ironic perception. Othel lo’s vision of her is utterly distorted; and she in her faith and certianty to him is unable to percieve his spiritual overthrough. His fierce accusations that she is unchaste and a whore she meets by affirming that she is a ‘true and loyal wife’, and desperatly wants Othello to believe in this certainty. In her innocece, she finds it impossible to believe that there are women who are unfaithful to their husbands in spite of Emilia’s down to earth admission.In the last dreadful scence she maintains her innocence and pleads for mercy. Her chastity, loyalty, her whole- hearted commital to her husband’s welfare and to any good deed is the only pure certianty throughout the play, and Desdemona unfortunatly cannot make Othello see this. Emilia fiercy defends Desdemona throughout the play and is certain she would never disobey her husband. Ironically, she admits that she would ‘make her husband a cuckhold’ in order to ‘make him a monarc h’, however clings to her husband’s integrity as she testifies to his vileness and Desdemona’s virtue.

British family structures - changes since WW2 essays

British family structures - changes since WW2 essays Discuss the ways in which British family structures may have changed since the Second World War. In order to discuss and evaluate any changes which may have taken place within the structure of the British family after the Second World War, it is first necessary to examine the structures of the family unit prior to the Second World War. Only then will it be possible to make comparisons between the two. In this essay I shall look at overall family structures, more specifically the gender roles played out by men and women within the family. Before considering these, I shall begin by exploring what is meant and understood by family and whether the definition of family can include households composed of single parents and their children, childless and cohabiting couples and same-sex relationships. Definitions are always crucial in discussing social issues, because a word such as family is almost inevitably laden with value-based meanings. As society has changed and attitudes and values have influenced sociological thinking, some theorists have redefined the terms in which family is studied and discussed. The Oxford Dictionary definition of family is: members of a household, parents, children, servants etc...sets of parents and children, living together or not. This definition reaches to the heart of the difficulties in defining family, as it identifies two of the main ways people have tried to describe it. Elliot comments that the definition of family as a unit consisting of a husband and wife, and their children is very much a concept belonging to modern Western society. She emphasises the fact that society often defines family by a set of value-based assumptions rather than a careful and precise analysis, pointing out: This unit is widely thought of as a group based on marriage and biological parenthood, as sharing a common residence and as united by ties of affection,...

Compound Definition in Chemistry

Compound Definition in Chemistry The word compound has several definitions. In the field of chemistry, compound refers to a chemical compound. Compound Definition A compound is a chemical species that is formed when two or more atoms join together chemically, with covalent or ionic bonds. Compounds may be categorized according to the type of chemical bonds holding the atoms together: Molecules are held together by covalent bonds.Ionic compounds are held together by ionic bonds.Intermetallic compounds are held together by metallic bonds.Complexes are often held together by coordinate covalent bonds. Note that some compounds contain a mixture of ionic and covalent bonds. Also note, a few scientists do not consider pure elemental metals to be compounds (metallic bonds). Examples of Compounds Examples of compounds include table salt or sodium chloride (NaCl, an ionic compound), sucrose (a molecule), nitrogen gas (N2, a covalent molecule), a sample of copper (intermetallic), and water (H2O, a covalent molecule). Examples of chemical species not considered compounds include the hydrogen ion H and the noble gas elements (e.g., argon, neon, helium), which do not readily form chemical bonds. Writing  Compound Formulas By convention, when atoms form a compound, its formula lists the atom(s) acting as a cation first, followed by the atom(s) acting as the anion. This means sometimes an atom may be first or last in a formula. For example, in carbon dioxide (CO2), carbon (C) acts as a cation. In silicon carbide (SiC), carbon acts as the anion. Compound Versus Molecule Sometimes a compound is called a  molecule. Usually, the two terms are synonymous. Some scientists make a distinction between the types of bonds in molecules (covalent) and compounds (ionic).

What is the best way to educate American children Essay - 1

What is the best way to educate American children - Essay Example The individualism in this response makes it clear that there is no one right answer to the question and that choice is a necessary component to any functional system of education. For instance, the standards applied to one student may clearly fail to apply to another student of significantly diminished abilities, and for the latter child, special attention may be required. However, there are many proposed answers to the question of the best means to educate in our society, and many of them require universalizing a single means touted as the most effective or most efficient in all cases. While not the best for all cases, home-based education does offer the best chance for the average student to succeed and thrive in a comfortable and beneficial learning environment. Other solutions to the problem of education, namely independent (or private) schools and traditional (or public) schools, do not offer the same kind of benefits as home-based education. Moreover, these alternative solution s are based on philosophically opposed assumptions and thereby forge a gulf through which home-based education passes through and asserts itself as the ideal solution. Home-based education is superior with respect to two intellectually significant criteria. The first is educational performance, which, as identified in Henslin (2005), is demonstrably better in homeschooled children than in their peers educated in a public school system. In a testing scenario, targeting 21,000 home schooled children who had much higher proficiency on these tests than that of students in public schools, home schooled children outperformed their public school counterparts in every meaningful category of evaluation. In this study, the students highlighted scored in the 70th and 80th percentiles, which is 10 to 20 percentage points higher than when these tests were administered to public school students (Henslin, 2005, pp. 512-13). The second criterion is moral and ethical in nature: how does the

The Importance Of Training And Development Of The Staff Dissertation

The Importance Of Training And Development Of The Staff - Dissertation Example actice versus simple exposure 12 2.4.4 Individual Characteristics 13 2.4.5 Background of the trainee 13 2.4.6 Learning Style 14 2.4.7 Working Environment 14 2.5 Benefits of training and development for the Organization 15 Other Benefits 17 2.6 Telecom Industry of UK 19 2.7 British Telecom 20 2.8 Training and Development of British Telecom 22 2.9 Benefits enjoyed by British Telecom 23 2.10 Vodafone 24 2.11 Training and Development of Vodafone 24 2.11.1 Learning via experience 25 2.11.2 Training and Development Programs 25 2.11.3 Other Development Opportunities 25 2.12 Budget standard for training and development 26 2.12.1 Allocating Resources 26 2.12.2 Allocating Expenses 27 2.12.3 General estimation policy 28 2.13 Evaluation of training and development 29 2.13.1 Emotional reaction 29 2.13.2 Achieved learning objectives 30 2.13.3 Behavioural Changes 30 2.13.4 Impact on Organization 32 Chapter 3: Methodology 33 3.1 Introduction 33 3.2 Research Approach 33 3.3 Research Strategy 35 3.4 R esearch Methodology 36 3.5 Data Collection and Sampling 37 3.6 Ethical consideration 38 3.7 Limitation of the study 38 Chapter 4: Results and Findings 39 4.1 Introduction 39 4.2 Findings from employees of British Telecom 40 4.3 Findings from managers of British Telecom 45 4.4 Findings from the Employees of Vodafone 48 4.5 Findings from the Managers of Vodafone 53 Chapter 5: Analysis and Conclusion 61 5.1 Analysis 61 5.2 Conclusion 62 5.3 Recommendation 64 Chapter 6: Project Management and Review 66 Review 67 Reference List 69 Appendix 76 List of Figures Fig 1: Department of the respondents................................................................................41 Fig 2: Age of the... It has been identified by many of the authors that there exist some special characteristics of HRM that help in managing organizational culture and employee commitment (Anthony, 1994; Atkinson, 1990; Sisson, 1990; Guest, 1995). The commitment and alteration in the culture are encouraged by the application of specific practices in the areas of selection and recruitment, training and development, appraisal system and encouragement in the participation of the employees. In the general literature of HRM, recruitment and selection are seen as essential elements that assist in achieving employee commitment and cultural change. Some of the significant policy areas required to achieve new culture were identified by Guest (1987). On the other hand, William, Dobson, and Walters (1993) identifies that if recruitment is conducted in a systematic and thoughtful way, it is possible to exert emphasis on the ‘incoming culture', thereby creating a strong pressure on the existing workforce withi n the organization. Moreover, in order to create a change in the culture, it becomes very important for the HR manager to recruit selective people with the desired attitude. Snape, et al. (1995) have also emphasized that in order to develop the appropriate culture within the organization, the recruitment and selection of the employees should be based on their attitudinal and behavioral characteristics. The HRM literature also suggests that the training and development of the employees also lead to the change in the culture of the organization.

A Hospital Room Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

A Hospital Room - Essay Example There was also a big photo of Mother Teresa placed on a shelf. The two sceneries, as mentioned before, were giving a pleasing look. In the first scenery, there was a big blue sea and birds were shown as flying in the air. There were also two hands seemed like praying for the health of people. In the second scenery, an array of colors was shown which was also adding to the overall pleasing environment of the hospital room. As far as the internal climate of the hospital room is concerned, I would say that it was normal and a bit inclined towards cold temperature. There were early summers those days so the temperature was kept a bit cold to make patients feel good. Overall, the environment of the hospital room and the services that were provided to me as  the patient reflected the sense of a healing environment. In a hospital room with healing environment, the focus is not just to provide good treatment to patients, but also to provide  the healing and memorable experience to them. The behavior of the nursing staff and that of the doctor was extremely good. There was also the facility of the hearing light music in the room using the hands-free device. There were also two comfortable chairs placed near each of the three beds for visitors and caretakers. Another attractive feature of the room was that it accompanied three small bathrooms each for each of the three patients admitted in the room. The bed in my room had side rails that could be raised and lowered using a remote control.

Focal Point Of A Shopping Mall Cultural Studies Essay

Focal Point Of A Shopping Mall Cultural Studies Essay Shopping mall is inevitably the main focal point in many Malaysia city and shopping has become the Malaysian favorite pastime during weekends. Moreover, series of mega sales and discount events have encouraged the act of consumption, turning the shopping center become one of vital element in our lifestyle. The role of shopping center is gradually replacing existing public space in many modern Asian cities where the people do not have public parks or squares to hangout. Instead, a weekend family affair may just spend in the movie theatre or restaurants inside shopping mall. Therefore, shopping center is evolving into a new force whose impact should not be neglected. Nowadays, a new kind of shopping center known as the lifestyle center began emerging in Malaysia. According to International Council of Shopping Centers (ICSC), the lifestyle center features an open-air architecture, typically high-end retailers, may or may not include anchor stores, and has a large concentration of dining and entertainment facilities. The properties are usually well landscaped and offer outdoor artwork, music, and trams or trolleys for on-site transportation. It is intended to support a shopping as entertainment mindset and has become highly popular in affluent communities. We can see the emerge of lifestyle malls in Greater Kuala Lumpur especially suburban Kuala Lumpur such as 1Mont Kiara, The Curve, Jaya One, Wangsa Walk, Sunway Giza, Alamanda Putrajaya and the list goes on. Originated in US, lifestyle center combining the traditional retail functions of a shopping mall with leisure amenities in a town square or main street setting have become common in affluent suburban areas and are now one of the most popular retail formats in US. However, in Malaysia, the professionals are keener to recognize it as Lifestyle Mall since most of them are indoor setting but incorporated with outdoor walking mall. Thus, hereinafter, I will use the term lifestyle mall in describing the Malaysia context. 2.0 Problem Statement The emergence of lifestyle malls poses interesting question for urbanism in Malaysia. Cities in the Malaysia especially Greater Kuala Lumpur are characterized by sprawling suburban, which a pattern of development being criticized by several theorists. According to Jane Jacobs in her book The Death and Life of Great American Cities, she arguing that modernist planning policies that promoted highway construction has been destroyed many existing inner-city communities (Jacobs, 1961). After that, others writers such as Joel Garreau, Dolores Hayden and Robert Bruegmann agreed that suburban sprawl occurred to the destructive of urban life in America (Garreau, 1991; Hayeden Wark, 2004; Bruegmann, 2006). Furthermore, most of the critics on the rapid suburbanization that occurred in America as well as Malaysia, is the changing of urban and social fabric in several ways, both physically and socially. According to Harriet Tregoning, he states that cars have become necessary to working, shopping and living in suburban cities. The growing dependence on automobiles necessitated by low density, sprawling land use has important implications. People living in more sprawling regions tend to drive greater distance, own more cars, breathe more polluted air, face a greater risk of traffic fatalities and walk and use transit less. One of the most common arguments is that suburban development isolated residential areas from the commercial areas and working places that served them, thus creating sprawling, inharmonious mix of single family houses, shopping centers and office parks across the suburban landscape (Duanny, 2000; Kunstler, 1993). Many of the physical and social elements that constituted the spirit of the city civic art, civic life as well as public realm were lost in the process of spatial segregation (Garreau, 1991; Duanny, 2000; Hayeden Wark, 2004; Bruegmann, 2006). Suburbanization tends to isolate large groups of society preventing the contact between diverse members of the population that is common in more traditional urban settings. According to Fellmann et all, the upwardly mobile resident of the city-younger, wealthier and better educated- took advantage of the automobile and highway to leave the central city. The poorer and older people were left behind. The central cities and suburbs becam e increasingly differentiated. Krueger and Gibbs stated that Suburbanization produces enormous obstacles to the creation of a sense of identity with the neighborhood of residence, since the links generated are minimal and the lack of social ties makes the construction of a sense of belonging to a place very difficult (Krueger Gibbs, 2007). Duany writes It is difficult to identify a segment of the population that does not suffer in some way from the lifestyle imposed by contemporary suburban development (Duany, 2000). From a social perspective, most critics argue that in suburbia, the private realm is privileged over that of the public. Thus, without adequate public space, there is a severe shortage of venues where social interaction can take place because sharing the public realm, people have their opportunity to interact, and thus come to realize that they have little reason to fear each other. (Duany, 2000) The evolution of shopping center development in Kuala Lumpur began with the opening of the first purpose built supermarkets and emporiums such as Weld Supermarket, Yuyi Emporium and so on. The first shopping complex, Ampang Park arrived in 1973, followed by Campbell Complex, Wisma Stephen, Wisma Central, Sun Complex, Pertama Complex, Wisma MPI and Angkasaraya. These shopping complexes are essentially retail developments located within a podium block of a shopping cum office development. Anchor tenants are nonexistent and the complexes have poor amenities and parking facilities. The retail outlets are generally small and the layout design is poor with little pedestrian circulation and inefficient use of space. C:Documents and SettingsyshearMy Documentspublic spacepertama.bmp Pertama Complex in Jalan Tunku Abdul Rahman is among the first generation shopping complexes in Kuala Lumpur. The second generation of 80s shopping complexes were purpose built shopping complexes such as Sungai Wang Plaza (1978), Bukit Bintang Plaza (1979), Kota Raya (1982), Yow Chuan Plaza (1983), Imbi Plaza (1985), KL Plaza (1985), The Mall (1987), The Weld (1988) and Pudu Plaza (1989). These complexes enjoy good accessibility as they are located on main roads or at busy junctions of arterial or main roads. Ample parking lots are provided and easy entrance and exit points are strategically located for the convenience of shoppers who travel by car. C:Documents and SettingsyshearMy Documentspublic spaceb_1sungeiwang.jpg Sg Wang Plaza, one of the popular shopping centers situated in Bukit Bintang shopping district of Kuala Lumpur. The shopping complexes have much better design and the adoption of a balanced tenant mix has taken stage in the overall planning, leasing and design of the complexes. The size, distribution and layout of the retail lots are also carefully planned and designed. Anchor tenants such as Metrojaya, AEON Jusco, Isetan, Parkson are used as magnets and are purposely located to facilitate the flow of shoppers in the complexes. With rapid economic growth and urbanization in the Klang Valley, a wide range of social and economic factors have combined to influence the trends in shopping center development. The third generation of shopping centers, from the 1990s to the present, has seen the birth of new giants, with the size determine the winner of competition. Mega sized centers with vast retail space, often spanning more than two million square feet and with multiple anchor tenants, multiple mini anchors and a host of shop lots. Huge car parks accommodating more than 3000 vehicles are common, with a network of internal roads and access to main roads and highways. These mega shopping centers are usually located in the suburbs and they include Sunway Pyramid, Mid Valley Megamall, One Utama Shopping Center, and Tropicana City Mall and so on. Perhaps being huge assures success. All the mega sized shopping centers have their individual niche markets and are thriving even facing competition with each others. For example, Sunway Pyramid integrated with its own planned resort Sunway Lagoon. Without exception, all shopping centers must have good or exceptional merchandise mix and strong retail attractions in order to succeed in the face of stiff competition. C:Documents and SettingsyshearMy Documentspublic spacemid valley.jpg Mid Valley Megamall, the Malaysias largest suburban shopping center with 3 anchor tenants located in Bangsar. The trend is moving towards hypermarkets, which may be supplanting some of the old pop and mom style grocery business. Hypermarkets are typically huge stand alone supermarket and department store type retail outlets. Carrefour, Tesco, Giant are mushrooming over the suburban cities throughout Peninsular Malaysia. For example, Giant, the largest retailer in Malaysia are currently operates 107 stores nationwide and there are more stores opening soon. On the other hand, Tesco has operates 36 stores throughout Peninsular Malaysia to date. Giant Hypermarket, the largest retailer in Malaysia is operating more than 100 stores throughout Malaysia. The major factors which have contributed towards the emergence of suburban shopping centers and hypermarkets are due to the suburbanization of residential development. With limited land available for residential development in the city, housing has spread to the surrounding land at the city fringes with vast space of available lands. With provision of road infrastructure, the young, mobile, rich and middle class families who demand for bigger homes and more luxurious features and better quality of living have migrated to the suburbs. Many of these residential developments have taken the form of new townships and self contained neighborhoods such as Subang Jaya, Petaling Jaya, Damansara and the list goes on. Retail followed as families continued to move from central cities to the suburbs. Besides, the increases of female employments also lead to the emergence of suburban shopping center and hypermarkets. More females are entering the workforce which will directly affect the retailing pattern. It is because the addition of household incomes has increased the purchasing power. Moreover, women engaged in full time employment have less time for shopping. Thus, it results the increase of bulk buying and reduction in frequency of shopping trips. However, the shopping has turned into a family affair. Thus, it is essential to provide all in one shopping activities including shopping, food, entertainment and leisure with more emphasize on convenience, comfort and family oriented attractions and entertainment. While suburban malls only served the retail needs of suburban residents, critics began to argue that they eliminated any chance communities have for possessing physical continuity on the urban fabric since they usually located along the main route (Torino, 2005). Developers of suburban malls tend to overlook the role of shopping center as a forum of public gathering and social interaction. However, the suburban malls are not public spaces at all; they are designed for single purpose: consumption. Victor Gruen, the architect of the first modern suburban shopping mall in United States, recognized the breakdown of traditional community bonds are driven by uncontrollable suburban sprawl. Thus, Gruen envisioned the suburban mall to serve as the new town center which is dense, mixed use environments that could take place of traditional main streets and town squares. Gruen realized that the process of suburbanization was weakening the social bonds in a society that was fostered mainly in close knit rural communities and dense urban settlements. (Torino, 2005) Gruens idea was to make shopping malls more pedestrian friendly, which he achieved by putting the entire development under one roof, with stores on two levels connected by escalators and fed by two-tiered parking. In the middle of the mall was a town square, which featured a garden court under a skylight, a fishpond, enormous sculpted trees, a twenty-one-foot cage filled with exotic birds, balconies with hanging plants, and a cafà © (Gladwell, 2004). However, Gruens vision of shopping mall failed to function as town centers due to several reasons. In contrast to traditional town centers, which were extroverted, meaning that store windows and entrances faced both the parking areas and the interior pedestrian walkways, indoor malls were introverted: the exterior walls presented a blank faà §ade, and all of the activity was focused inward (Gladwell, 2004). According to Michael Sorkin, the design of shopping malls tends to reinforce the domestic values and physical order of suburbia, r ather than rectify it. In his book Variations on a Theme Park, Sorkin states, Like the suburban house that rejects the sociability of front porches and sidewalks for private back yards, malls look inward, turning their backs on the public street (Sorkin, 1992). Since most malls are located in the middle of vast parking lots set well off the street, what Sorkin refers to as pedestrian islands in an asphalt sea, their physical setting represents yet another crack in the already fragmented suburban landscape (Sorkin, 1992). Another reason why malls have failed to function as the traditional town centers that Gruen envisioned is that they are, by and large, built for a single purpose retail. According to Kevin Mattson, Whereas in cities, towns, and villages, public space invites mixed usage and contains churches, schools, courts, theaters, civic buildings and stores, malls are exclusively commercial. Access and architecture together conspire to make buying and selling the only thinkable activities (Mattson, 2009). Mattson argues that since malls are the only public spaces left in many parts of the country, they must become more like real towns with a mixture of uses: If commerce is not to become the sole activity we engage in when we are in public, malls must offer alternative activities civic, cultural, athletic, political, and recreational that define us as citizens as well as consumers (Mattson, 2009). Many urban scholars have pointed to the obvious fact that shopping malls are not true public spaces, but privatized ones where management ultimately reserves the right to limit access. In his book The Right to the City: Social Justice and the Fight for Public Space, Don Mitchell touches on the idea that malls are exclusive places, where certain groups and behaviors are not welcome (rowdy teenagers, the homeless, and political demonstrations, for example). Mitchell also comments that malls are heavily patrolled by private security forces and are subject to constant surveillance (Mitchell, 2003). Malcolm Voyce has noted that malls do not coincide with the need for an open and democratic public space and that their private nature limits and controls diversity (Voyce, 2006). Private ownership and restricted access, therefore, undermine the shopping malls ability to function as a true, democratic public space. The recent trends mark the emergence of lifestyle malls mushrooming at the suburban Klang Valley. To be named a few: The Curve, the pioneer lifestyle mall in Malaysia; Sunway Pyramid, Jaya One, Wangsa Walk, Alamanda Putrajaya, Axis Atrium, Sunway Giza which are operating; SSTwo Mall, 1Mont Kiara, Subang Avenue, Citta, Setia Walk, Setia Avenue and the list goes on which are on construction to join the lifestyle demand. Therefore, it is not strange that Business Week Magazine has referred the lifestyle malls as the Shopping Center of the 21st Century. The above lifestyle malls share several commons. Design ambience reflecting a main street motif is great emphasized. The developers often cite a large emphasis on food and entertainment, elements that further contribute to the atmosphere of the project. Parking is also a major concern where it is usually arranged in structures or placed underground (Malmuth, 2005). Moreover, the inclusion of mixed uses also can be found in the quality of lifestyle malls. The inclusion of non retail uses is what sets apart lifestyle malls from other retail developments, to the extent that certain developer, such as Sime UEP Brunsfield, will claim that the word lifestyle is meaningless if residential component is not incorporated. The rise of lifestyle mall also raises other important questions, particularly about how and whether the shopping centers also function as public spaces. Perhaps the most important factor leading to the emergence of lifestyle malls, however, and the focus of this thesis, is the recognition of the increasing importance of shopping centers as public spaces in suburban life. Outside of urban centers, suburbia offers very few public gathering places. Therefore, strolling through suburban malls has become the favorite pastime during weekends. It is however important to realize that the main concern of shopping center is still concern about commercial activities. While the fact is, people do not only shop in a mall, they do hangout and socialize in the same time. Besides, there are also critics on the suburban shopping malls that reinforce unsustainable suburban sprawl. Some argue that lifestyle centers represent part of an effort to reduce the effects of suburban sprawl, through the reint roduction of traditional mixed use setting. Other argues that they are only tools to earn since they are privately owned, carefully controlled. Therefore, do lifestyle malls truly represent better forms of public space than conventional malls? Developers of lifestyle malls seem to have realized that improved retail design can act as a forum for social activity as well as a source of increased revenue (Torino, 2005). If so, are they alternatives to malls as models for public space in suburban? Do lifestyle malls represent a new typology of quasi public space? And how public are those lifestyle malls? 3.0 Aim This research aims to examine the emergence of lifestyle malls of their ability to function as public space. 4.0 Objectives 4.1 To examine the publicness of lifestyle malls. 4.2 To determine the perception of shoppers experiences towards the function of lifestyle malls. 4.3 To recognize the lifestyle malls as a new form of public space in suburban. 5.0 Research Questions 5.1 How public are lifestyle malls? 5.2 How do the shoppers perceive the lifestyle malls role? 5.3 How lifestyle malls represent a new form of public space in suburban? 6.0 Outline of Methodology To answer these questions, a variety of methods will be applied. The overall methods are qualitative. Research which is primarily based on journals, articles and others. Attempt to examine the characteristic of public space in order to identify the function of lifestyle malls as public space in the context of ideas by theorists such as George Varna, Steve Tiesdell, Adam Tyndall, Kevin Lynch, W. Lewis Dijkstra, Jan Gehl as well as Project of Public Space. Interviews with planners and developers, member of Malaysian Association for Shopping and Highrise Complex Management Brief discussion regarding the trend of shopping centers in Malaysia, planning and development of selected lifestyle malls. Surveys of shoppers experience at lifestyle malls. Survey on the perceptions of shoppers towards lifestyle malls as social focus and public space. Observation Observation on the physical design of lifestyle mall, degree to the mixed tenants and how the public use the spaces. 7.0 Structure of the Thesis Chapter 1 Suburban development in Greater Kuala Lumpur, trend of shopping center in Malaysia Chapter 2 Discussion on the role of public space and how lifestyle mall fit into the context of public space Chapter 3 Case Studies Chapter 4 Survey results obtained at each lifestyle malls, observation on the quality of public space, design, level of mixed use, community events sponsored by each lifestyle mall Chapter 5 Concludes with a discussion of results and implications of the research. 8.0 Expected Output The expected output will be: Able to assess whether lifestyle mall in Greater Kuala Lumpur can function as public space. Able to determine that lifestyle mall can be another form of public space in suburban Kuala Lumpur. Able to recognize the characteristics of lifestyle mall that contribute to creation of public space.

The Realm of Sisterhood in Mary Leapor’s Poetry Essay -- Biography Bio

The Realm of Sisterhood in Mary Leapor’s Poetry For a woman writer to be read by her peers in eighteenth century England was somewhat unusual. For this woman to procure some kind of living from her writing was even more remarkable. But for such a woman to claim both these accomplishments, with writings attacking the very state of women no less, was extraordinary. Yet Mary Leapor was this woman. Not only did she herself defy society in remaining unmarried for the whole of her short life, but she also took up the call to fight for women everywhere. Her answer to the oppression of society was to find solace in the bonds of sisterhood. The radicalism of Leapor’s encouragement has long been a source of discrepancy for her critics, and there exists a wide array of interpretations. The question lies within the definition of the female relationships she so wholeheartedly promotes. The varying interpretations include everything ranging from Leapor as promoting lesbianism, to simply promoting good female friendships. Adrienne Rich termed this range of womanly bonds the â€Å"lesbian continuum,† and explains it as the inclusive realm between â€Å"consciously desired genital sexual experience with another woman,† and â€Å"the sharing of a rich inner life, the bonding against male tyranny, the giving and receiving of practical and political support† (51). The question remains: where does Leapor belong on this continuum? Critic Donna Landry places Leapor in the realm of replacing heterosexual union with something closer to homosexual tendencies, while Richard Greene offers a far more platonic view of things. In applying Rich’s tenets of a range, it is possible to read Leapor as somewhere between Landry and Green, and as enco... ...ress, 1995. Greene, Robert. Mary Leapor: A Study in Eighteenth-Century Women’s Poetry. New York: Oxford University Press Inc., 1993. Harris, Jocelyn. â€Å"Sappho, Souls, and the Salic Law of Wit.† Anticipations of the Enlightenment in England, France, and Germany. Ed by Alan Charles Kors and Paul J. Korshin. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 1987. Landry, Donna. â€Å"Mary leapor Laughs at the Fathers.† The Muses of Resistance: Laboring Class Women’s Poetry in Britain, 1739-1796. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1990. 78-119. Rich, Adrienne. â€Å"Compulsory Heterosexuality and Lesbian Existence.† Blood, Bread, and Poetry: Selected Prose 1979-1985.† New York: W.W. Norton & Company, 1986. Wahl, Elizabeth Susan. Invisible relations: Representations of Female Intimacy in the Age of Englightenment. Stanford: Stanford University Press, 1999.

Motivation Theories Essay

Content theories of motivation are based on the fact that the labor activity of workers due solely to the needs and focus on their identification. In turn, procedural theories of motivation are based on the fact that behavior of an individual is determined not only by a person’s needs, but also by the perception of the situation, expectations for the capacity, as well as the effects of the selected type of behavior, according to Motivation. Needs. It should be noted that Abraham Maslow recognized that people have many different needs and they could be divided into five main categories: he theory of justice expectations. According to this theory, the results achieved by the employee depend on three variables: the effort, the ability of a person’s character and awareness of its role in the labor process. The level of effort, in turn, depends on the value of interest and assesses the likelihood of relations efforts and rewarded. Achieving the desired results can lead to internal rewards of the satisfaction of the work performed, and external rewards – financial incentives, praise, career, etc. It is also believed that there may be a link between performance and employee to give him rewards that reflect the possibilities determined by the head of a particular employee and the organization. Value theory by L. Porter – E. Lawler in the practice of motivation is that it shows how important it is to create a motivational system to combine elements such as effort, ability, results, reward, satisfaction and perception. Furthermore L. Porter – E. Lawler showed that the high productivity of work is the cause of complete satisfaction, rather than a consequence of it. An important conclusion of this theory is the need to change the employee’s salary, depending on the success of his work. According to the theory of justice, people have their own assessment of the equity interest issued for certain results. Satisfaction – is the result of internal and external rewards based on their equity. Satisfaction is a measure of how valuable reward actually is. This assessment will affect the person’s perception of future situations. Motivational concepts that are also enough known are related to a group of content theories are the theory of David McClelland, in which he focuses on the needs of the higher levels: power, success and involvement. On this basis, according to McClelland, there is a fourth requirement – to avoid trouble, obstacles or opposition to the implementation of the above three requirements. Motivational and hygienic model of F. Herzberg. It is widely known among scholars and practitioners was another model of motivation, developed F. Hertzberg with employees in the mid 50-ies of XX century and known as the â€Å"two-factor theory of hygiene. † As hygiene factors, he took the following: company policy and administration;  working conditions; earnings; interpersonal relationships with superiors, colleagues and subordinates; degree of direct control over the work. Motivation, according to F. Herzberg, is achievement of objectives, promotion, high level of responsibility and autonomy, creative and business growth, recognition, interesting content work. According to F. Herzberg hygiene factors themselves are not a cause for satisfaction, but their degradation leads to dissatisfaction with work, according to Frederick Herzberg’s motivation and hygiene factors. Therefore, these factors are not motivating for employees’ value. Group motivators directly cause job satisfaction and affect the level of labor achievements. The theory of five nuclear factors by Hackman and Oldham. In the 70-ies of XX century was published a review of Hackman and Oldham the impact of the content of labor to maintain motivation. Developing the doctrine F. Herzberg, in their model, they identified five so-called nuclear factors, which, to them, a significant effect on work motivation. In accordance with the severity of these factors in the ordinary activities of the employee, they lead to the specific experiences that Hackman and Oldham called â€Å"critical mental states. Group theory of valence-instrumentality expectations includes concepts of Heinz Heckhausen, Vroom and a number of similar theories relating to procedural learning motivation towards work behavior. Common to these theories is the proposition that there is a requirement – not only requirement motivation. People consciously choose a course of conduct which, in their view, would lead to the desired results. These theories try to explain what objectives are formed, and why, how persistent they are pursued to achieve the expected results. The theory of Justice S. Adams. The group process of theories of motivation is aimed at organizational problems of production, the substance of the work, and is to be widely used in the western management â€Å"theory of justice†, developed in the 60 years of XX century. Adams, on the results of studies conducted in the company â€Å"General-Electric†. This theory postulates the search for the individual a certain state of equilibrium with its social environment (in particular, in terms of evaluation and pay, rewards for achievement). Individual compares two relationships: the relationship between his own effort and reward; same ratio, seen in monitoring the activities of others and to compare with their own efforts and reward. The theory of motivation of D. Atkinson. One of the theories is a process known as the theory of motivation of D. Atkinson, the essence of which is as follows. Employee behavior is the result of the interaction of the individual qualities of the individual and the situation of its perception. Each person strives for success, avoids failure and has two related motives: the motive for success and motivations to avoid failures. The theory of reinforcement B. Skinner. A significant contribution to the study of the mechanisms of human motivation to work made development of B. Skinner, who proposed the theory in 1938, increase motivation (reinforcement theory), the essence of which is as follows: people’s behavior is determined by their past experiences. Consequently, workers prefer a mission that in the past entailed positive results, according to Theories of Motivation. All in all, there are many motivational theories and many authors who have shown their opinion considering the issue. Lyman Porter and Edward Lawler, Maslow, Atkinson Heckhausen, and Hackman and Oldham have different point of view but all of them have something in common. The theories of motivation describe the reasons and personal development that a human has and expands its potential, as well as the need for self-actualization that can never be fully satisfied. Works cited Abraham Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs motivational model.